三唑酰草胺在不同类型土壤中的降解特性

为科学评价除草剂三唑酰草胺在土壤环境中的生态风险，采用室内模拟方法，研究了三唑酰草胺在吉林黑土、江西红土和安徽水稻土中的降解特性。结果表明:三唑酰草胺在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程。好氧条件下三唑酰草胺在3种土壤中的降解半衰期分别为86.5、106和91.4 d；厌氧条件下半衰期分别为106、130和127 d；水稻田厌氧条件下半衰期分别为162、219和188 d。研究表明，三唑酰草胺在水稻田厌氧条件下的降解速率明显慢于其他2种试验条件下。     

Impacts of water resource planning on regional water consumption pattern: A case study in Dunhuang Oasis,China

Water resources are critical for the existence and development of oases in endorheic basins. Thus, to enable sustainable development, it is fundamentally important to understand how to allocate and use these resources in a reasonable way. We therefore simulated and analyzed changes in water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis of China under three scenarios using a system dynamic model that corresponds to different water consumption pattern. This was done to assess the impacts of regional water resource planning (comprehensive planning of the rational use of water resource and protection of ecosystem services in the Dunhuang Basin) on water consumption pattern within the Dunhuang Oasis. The first of these, Scenario 1, is a baseline in which the status quo is maintained, while Scenario 2 incorporates the comprehensive effects of agricultural water-saving irrigation measures with an inter-basin water diversion project, and Scenario 3 focuses on ecological rehabilitation. In the baseline Scenario 1, the total water consumption within the Dunhuang Oasis increased progressively while agricultural water consumption remained extremely high and threatened overall ecological security. In contrast, Scenario 2 would decrease agricultural water consumption by almost 5.30×10⁷ m³ following the implementation of water-saving practices. The additional water allocated from an inter-basin water diversion project would play an important role in alleviating ecological strain on the oasis. Finally, in Scenario 3, the total irrigated land must be decreased to 20.6×10³ hm² by 2025 assuming that water supply for ecosystem restoration would be at least 50% of the total consumption. Although water resource planning plays a very important role in alleviating the ecological water crisis within the oasis, it is necessary to consider the suitable scale of oasis with regard to current water consumption pattern.     

四种重要实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失评估

实蝇类害虫是世界性检疫害虫，对福建省农作物造成为害的主要包含橘小实蝇、南亚寡鬃实蝇、瓜实蝇、具条实蝇4种。这4种实蝇类害虫给福建省水果、蔬菜带来较为严重的经济损失，并且由于防治过程中农药的使用，造成生态环境问题。本研究选取实蝇类害虫为害较为严重的福建省主要水果和蔬菜作为研究对象，从直接经济损失、防治费用和间接经济损失3个层面建立评估模型，并对2016年4种实蝇类害虫造成的经济损失进行评估，旨在通过评估经济损失情况，为今后防治政策的制定提供思路。研究结果显示，这4种实蝇类害虫对福建省造成的经济损失约为313.48亿元，其中直接经济损失约为221.74亿元，防治费用约为84.24亿元，间接经济损失约为7.5亿元。最后，本研究提出了重视有害生物灾情评估、完善经济损失评价方法，开展农户专业培训、提升防控技术水平，加强环境规制力度、发展绿色生态农业等政策建议。     

小花蝽在不同植物上的种群密度

2010―2016年通过人工栽培小区试验，系统调查了33科152种植物上小花蝽复合种群发生动态。多年调查结果表明：除黄柴胡外，其余151种植物上均有小花蝽发生，但小花蝽的种群密度在不同调查年度的植物种类上差异较大。小花蝽种群发生密度最高的植物是蓝蓟，其次是芥菜、硫华菊、荞麦、紫花苜蓿、红麻、陆地棉等有大量蚜虫及开花周期较长的植物。本研究明确了农田生境中小花蝽发生密度较高的候选功能植物，为下一步利用植物多样性促进农田小花蝽种群的保育及控害功能提供科学依据。     

Isolation and Characterization of GhLEA3 Gene from Upland Cotton and Its Expression in Response to Low Temperature Stress

[Objective] Based on the analysis of cotton GhLEA3 gene structure and its expression model in chilling stress, we investigated the resistance function of GhLEA3 in response to cold stress. [Method] We cloned GhLEA3 from upland cotton by homologous sequence cloning way. We analyzed the properties of the GhLEA3, and constructed phylogenetic tree by bioinformatics analysis. We constructed the transient expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP by In-Fusion connection technology and studied the subcellular localization of GhLEA3. The expression of GhLEA3 gene in leaves of TM-1 at three-leaf stage under low temperature stress treatments (4 ℃, 24 h) was performed. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated floral dipping method was used to transform the gene with expression vector 35S∷GhLEA3-GFP into Arabidopsis thaliana wild type. Low temperature germination experiment at 4 ℃ was conducted to verify germination ability of the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana T₃ seed. The transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings were treated at 4 ℃(low temperature), and all the leaves were taken to measure their electrical conductivity. [Result] The coding sequence of GhLEA3 gene is 1 218 bp, which encodes 405 amino acids. GhLEA3 protein includes 4 functional domains of PF02987. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the similarity of amino acid sequences between upland cotton GhLEA3 and Arabidopsis thaliana AtLEA3 was 52.6%. GhLEA3 might be mainly localized in vacuoles and small vesicles. GhLEA3 was up-regulated in leaves after low temperature treatment. The germination rate of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana of T₃ generation at low temperature was significantly higher than that of wild type, and its electrical conductivity of leaves after low temperature treatment was significantly lower than that of wild type. [Conclusion] GhLEA3 belonged to the member of LEA3 family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GhLEA3 had the closest relationship with AtLEA3. GhLEA3 was induced by low temperature stress and may play an important role in improving cold resistance.     

基于高斯函数的春玉米叶片功能期模型构建与应用

叶片功能期是影响光合生产能力的关键因素,冠层叶片功能期的量化评估对玉米植株生长和产量形成具有重要意义。本研究于2015—2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所吉林公主岭试验站进行,定株观测先玉335和郑单958两个品种各个叶位叶片展开时间和衰老时间,基于2015年和2016年试验数据,以高斯函数(■)模拟玉米各叶位叶片功能期的动态变化,并用2017年数据验证,在此基础上进一步明确了模型特征参数的生理学意义,简化了叶片功能期模型构建的方法。研究条件下利用高斯函数构建的玉米叶片功能期模型年际间稳定性好、品种间区分度大。进一步解析利用一阶导(功能期最大值)、二阶导(功能期变化速率最大的点)、三阶导(功能期开始快速增大的点)等于零取整后的叶位并配合最顶部叶位(n)和基部第1叶这5个转折叶位叶片功能期构建的模型拟合度良好,极大地简化了该模型参数拟合的数据需求,并探讨了利用该模型函数对玉米叶片功能分组的可能性。本研究为玉米生产能力的量化分析提供了思路和方法,对各类玉米生长模型的完善和其他相关研究也有借鉴意义。     

城镇街道绿化景观设计初探

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,与此相应地对城镇街道绿化景观也提出了越来越高的要求。城镇街道绿化景观不仅是城市生态景观的重要组成部分之一,更是一个城市改善居民居住环境的重要途径。它不仅改善了城市环境,美化了城市形象,更能够彰显城市的文化内涵,对整个城市宜居水平产生着极其重要的影响。没有良好的城镇街道绿化景观,就没有良好的城市生态环境。基于此,试图就城镇街道绿化景观设计展开初步探讨研究,以供参考借鉴。     

桑叶的生理功能及在猪生产中的应用

桑叶中富含丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物和氨基酸等营养物质,具有降脂、抗氧化、降血糖等多样化功能,是良好的畜禽饲料资源.但对桑叶的重视程度不够,使得桑叶在我国未能得到大规模的开发利用,导致桑叶资源的大量浪费。文章对桑叶的生理功能和在猪生产中的应用进行相关综述。     

南水北调中线工程生态补偿计算研究

跨流域调水生态补偿的计算方法和考虑因素直接影响着受水区在调水工作中的参与热情.本研究以南水北调陕西汉中、安康、商洛水源区及京、津、冀、豫受水区为研究区,在考虑水源区水土保持建设、受水区水市场情况、水源区水资源价值、水源区排污权损失价值基础上,加入未来水资源调度机会成本、市民意愿支付差价占比及意愿支付补偿额占比,重新计算生态补偿总量.得陕西水源区当前可计算的受水区补偿额为62.42亿元/年.为发展中南水北调中线工程生态补偿计算提供新的计算思路和方法.